Un análisis de la biología de la conservación desde el biopoder hasta el eco-nacionalismo en Aotearoa Nueva Zelanda

Autores/as

  • Agustina Domínguez

Palabras clave:

Conservación, Biopoder, Nativo, Invasor

Resumen

El presente trabajo consiste en el análisis de la biología de la conservación a partir de la idea de que existen vidas sacrificables y vidas reconocidas como valiosas. El abordaje desde el marco teórico del biopoder de Michel Foucault permite observar que dicha ciencia no protege la vida, sino que actúa bajo lógicas que la jerarquizan, otorgando cuidados a ciertas poblaciones o especies mientras se promueve la muerte de otras a través del dispositivo del racismo. Examinar los discursos y las prácticas conservacionistas bajo este lente deja entrever cómo se construyen políticas de exterminio ligadas a estructuras, subjetividades y valores específicos como lo nativo y lo invasor. El análisis de Aotearoa Nueva Zelanda resulta un caso interesante al intersectar conservación, colonialismo y eco-nacionalismo.  Finalmente se sugiere la posibilidad de replantear las relaciones entre los seres existentes al considerarlas producto de complejas interacciones a través del tiempo.

Biografía del autor/a

  • Agustina Domínguez

    Licenciada en Biología orientación Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (Argentina).

Referencias

Acheson. (25 de agosto de 2021). Debate Over Protect Pūtiki Exposes Systematic Injustices Against Māori In New Zealand. Recuperado de:

https://theowp.org/reports/debateover-protect-putiki-exposes-systematic-injustices-against-maori-in-new-zealand/

Bamford, S. (2002). “On being ‘natural’ on the rainforest marketplace”. Social Analysis, 46 (1), 35-50. doi: https://doi.org/10.3167/sa.2002.460106

Biermann, C. y Anderson, R. M. (2017). “Conservation, biopolitics, and the governance of life and death”. Geography Compass, 11 (e12329). doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12329

Biermann, C. y Mansfield, B. (2014). “Biodiversity, purity, and death: conservation biology as biopolitics”. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 32, 257-273. doi: https://doi.org/10.1068/d13047p

Boltovskoy, D., Sylvester, F., y Paolucci, E. (2018). “Invasive species denialism: Sorting out facts, beliefs, and definitions”. Ecology and Evolution, 8, 11190–11198. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4588

Butler, J. (2010). Marcos de guerra. Las vidas lloradas. Barcelona, España: Paidós.

Carrera, L., Anzoátegui, M., y Domínguez, A. (3 de agosto de 2021). “Inserte “Animal” donde dice “Mujer” y viceversa: analogías entre la dominación sobre las mujeres y la dominación sobre los animales en el sistema capitalista heteropatriarcal. Recuperado de: http://paroledequeer.blogspot.com/2021/08/inserte-animal-donde-dice-mujer.html

Carsolio, V. (2020). “Claves para comprender la dimensión especista en la coproducción de la vida”. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Críticos Animales, Año VII, I, 380-398. Recuperado de: https://revistaleca.org/journal/index.php/RLECA/article/view/194

Chew, M. K. (2011). Aneiketaxonomy: Botany, Place and Belonging. En I.D. Rotherham & R.A. Lambert (Eds), Invasive & Introduced Animals & Plants. Human perceptions, Attitudes and Approaches to Management (137-152). London, UK: Earthscan.

Davis, M. A., Chew, M. K., Hobbs, R. J, Lugo, A.E, Ewel, J. J., Vermeij, G. J., Brown, J. H., Rosenzweig, M. L … Brigs, J. C. (2011). “Don’t judge species on their origin”. Nature, 474, 153-154. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/474153a

Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai. (s.f.-a). New Zealand pigeon / kererū / kūkū/ kūkupa. Recuperado de: https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/birds/birds-a-z/nz-pigeon-kereru/

Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai. (s.f.-b). Predator Free 2050. Recuperado de: https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/pests-and-threats/predator-free-2050/

Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai. (s.f-c). Little penguin/kororā. Recuperado de: https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/birds/birds-a-z/penguins/littlepenguin-korora/

Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai. (2021). Predator Free 2050. Recuperado de: https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/conservation/threats-andimpacts/pf2050/pf2050-5-year-progress-report.pdf

Department of Conservation & Ministry for the Environment. (2000). The New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy. Recuperado de: https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/conservation/new-zealand-biodiversity-strategy-2000.pdf

Department of Conservation & Ministry for the Environment. (2020). Improving whitebait management | Te whakapai ake i te whakahaere īnanga. Recuperado de: https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/getting-involved/consultations/2019/whitebait-consultation/whitebait-discussion-document-2020.pdf

Dutkiewicz, J. (2015). “Important Cows and Possum Pests. New Zealand’s Biodiversity Strategy and (Bio)Political Taxonomies of Introduced Species”. Society & Animals 23, 379-399. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341371

Folguera, G., y Marcos, A. (2013). “El concepto de especie y los cambios teóricos de la biología”. Ludus Vitalisol. XXI, 39, 1-25. Recuperado de: http://www.ludusvitalis.org/ojs/index.php/ludus/article/view/66/66

Foucault, M. (1998). Historia de la Sexualidad I, La voluntad de saber. Madrid, España: Siglo XXI Editores.

Foucault, M. (2000). Defender la sociedad. Curso en el Collège de France (1975-1976). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fondo de Cultura Económica.

Franks, J. (19 de septiembre de 2021). Waiheke marina: Trespass notices given by police at Kennedy Point weren’t legal. Recuperado de: https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/126400845/waiheke-marina-trespass-notices-given-by-police-at-kennedypoint-werent-legal?fbclid=IwAR1lCtJf8NGYLAu0gcKblkXGOQWWoVYE31eHkJzow_hTvaHEi5AiogEZj0c

Fundación Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. (25 de junio de 2020). Caso Represas en el Río Santa Cruz.. Recuperado de: https://farn.org.ar/proyecto/caso-represas-en-elrio-santa-cruz/

Ginn, F. (2008). “Extension, subversion, containment: eco-nationalism and (post)colonial nature in Aotearoa New Zealand”. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, 33 (3), 335-353. Recuperado de: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30131222

González, A. (2019). “Lecturas animales de las vidas precarias. El «discurso de la especie» y las normas de lo humano”. Tabula Rasa, 31, 139-159. doi: https://doi.org/10.25058/20112742.n31.06

Heidy Kikillus, K., Chambers, G., Farnworth, M., y Hare, K. (2017). “Research challenges and conservation implications for urban cat management in New Zealand.” Pacific Conservation Biology, 23, 15-25. Recuperado de:

https://www.publish.csiro.au/pc/pdf/PC16022

Hauraki Gulf Forum. (2020). State of our Gulf 2020. Recuperado de: https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/harbour-forums/docsstateofgulf/state-gulf-full-report.pdf

Irwin, R. (2021). Rewilding policy futures: Maori whakapapa and the ecology of the subject. Policy Futures in Education, 19 (3), 307-323. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210320980580

Jonathan, B. y Forsman, E. (1992). “Dependence of northern spotted owls Strix occidentalis caurina on old-growth forests in the western USA”. Biological Conservation, 62(2), 95-100. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(92)90930-L

Joyce, C. (1992). Western Medicine Men Return to the Field. BioScience, 42 (6), 399-403. https://doi.org/10.2307/1311858

Lampert, A., Hastings, A., Grosholz, E., Jardine, S., y Sanchirico, J. (2014). “Optimal approaches for balancing invasive species eradication and endangered species management”. Science, 344 (6187), 1028-1031. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1250763

Lindenmayer, D. y Hunter, M. (2010). “Some Guiding Concepts for Conservation Biology”. Conservation Biology, 24 (6), 1459-1468. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01544.x

López Barrios, J. I. (2019). “Gubernamentalidad de la conservación: biopoder y tortugas marinas en México”. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Críticos Animales, Año VI, II, 81-119. Recuperado de: http://revistaleca.org/journal/index.php/RLECA/article/view/239/180.

Major, Emily. (16 de septiembre de 2021). ‘Possum Purge’: To Cleanse and Purify. Recuperado de: https://framingspeciesism.com/2021/09/16/possum-purge-to-cleanse-and-purify/

Mallet, J. (2005). “Hybridization as an invasion of the genome”. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20 (5), 229-237. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.010

McAllister, T., Beggs, J., Ogilvie, S., Kirikiri, R., Black, A., y Wehi, P. (2020). “Kua takoto te mānuka: mātauranga Māori in New Zealand ecology˝. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 43 (3), 1-7. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.43.41

Montague, T. L. (Ed.). (2000). The brushtail possum: Biology, impact and management of an introduced marsupial. Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press.

New Zealand Companion Animal Council Inc. (2016). Companion Animals in New Zealand 2016. Recuperado de: https://www.nzvna.org.nz/site/nzvna/files/Documents/Companion%20Animals_in_New_Zealand_2016_Report_web.pdf

Partlow, J. (19 de Julio de 2021). “Biden proposes restoring 3.4 million acres of northern spotted owl habitat, reversing Trump rule”. The Washington Post. Recuperado de: https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2021/07/19/biden-northern-spotted-owl-trump/

Potts, A. (2009). “Kiwis Against Possums: A Critical Analysis of Anti-Possum Rhetoric in Aotearoa New Zealand”. Society and Animals, 17, 1-20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/156853009X393738

Pyšek, P., Blackburn, T. M., García-Berthou, E., Perglová, I., y Rabitsch, W. (2017). “Displacement and local extinction of native and endemic species”. En M. Vilà & P. Hulme (Eds), Impact of Biological Invasions on Ecosystem Services (157-176).

Gewerbestrasse, Switzerland: Springer.

Quijano, A. (2000). Cuestiones y horizontes: de la dependencia histórico-estructural a la colonialidad/descolonialidad del poder. Buenos Aires, Argentina: CLACSO.

Research and Publishing Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Manatū Taonga. (9 de Junio de 2020). Chinese gooseberry becomes kiwifruit. Recuperado de: https://nzhistory.govt.nz/the-chinese-gooseberry-becomes-thekiwifruit

Ricardo, H., Wilson, D., y Wehi, P. (2020). “Kiore (Rattus exulans) distribution and relative abundance on a small highly modified island”. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 47(4), 350-359. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2020.1785515

Roesler, I., Fasola, L., & Buchanan, P. (2018). “Sympathy for the grebes: Hooded Grebe conservation programme update (2011–2017)”. Neotropical Birding, 23, 14-23. Recuperado de: http://www.avesargentinas.org.ar/sites/default/files/NB23-GTB1-Roesler.pdf

Roesler, K., Fasola, L., Cácares, R., & Martín, L. (2019). Proyecto Macá Tobiano: Informe final 2018 - 2019. Recuperado de: https://www.avesargentinas.org.ar/sites/default/files/informe_PMT_2019_0.pdf#overlay-context=noticia/proyecto-mac%25C3%25A1-tobiano-informe-final-2018-2019

Rouco, C., de Torre-Ceijas, R., Martín-Collado, D., y Byrom, A. (2017). “New Zealand Shouldn’t Ignore Feral Cats”. BioScience, 67 (8), 686. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix068

Sandom, C., Faurby, S., Sandel, B., y Svenning, J.-C. (2014). “Global late Quaternary megafauna extinctions linked to humans, not climate change”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 281: 20133254. doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3254

Simberloff, D. (2019). “New Zealand as a leader in conservation practice and invasion management”. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 49 (3), 259-280. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2019.1652193

Soulé, M. (1985). “What is conservation biology? A new synthetic discipline addresses the dynamics and problems of perturbed species, communities, and ecosystems”. BioScience, 35 (11), 727-734. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1310054

Suárez-Jiménez, R., Hepburn, C., Hyndes, G., McLeod, R., y Taylor, R. &. (2017). “The invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida hosts an epifaunal assemblage similar to native seaweeds with comparable morphologies”. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 582, 45-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12321

Télam Digital. (30 de marzo de 2021). “Santa Cruz: proyectan que en 2023 se pondría en marcha la primera turbina de las represas”. Télam Digital. Recuperado de: https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/202103/549165-energia-represas-santa-cruz.html

Trouwborst, A., McCormack, P., y Camacho, E. (2020). “Domestic cats and their impacts on biodiversity: A blind spot in the application of nature conservation law”. People and Nature, 2, 235–250. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10073

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2011). Revised Recovery Plan for the Northen Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina). Recuperado de:

https://www.fws.gov/wafwo/pdf/NSO%20Revised%20Recovery%20Plan%202011.pdf

Wildlife Act 1953. (s.f.). Recuperado de: https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1953/0031/latest/whole.html

Wright, S., Nugent, G., y Parata, H. (1995). “Customary Management of Indigenous Species: A Maori Perspective. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 19 (1), 83-86. Recuperado de: https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/1968.pdf

WWF. (2020). Living Planet Report 2020 - Bending The Curve of Biodiversity Lost. Recuperado de: https://f.hubspotusercontent20.net/hubfs/4783129/LPR/PDFs/ENGLISH-FULL.pdf

Youatt, R. (2008). “Counting Species: Biopower and the Global Biodiversity Census”. Environmental Values, 17 (3), 393-417. doi: https://doi.org/10.3197/096327108X343149

Descargas

Publicado

20-12-2021

Número

Sección

ARTÍCULOS ECAs

Cómo citar

Un análisis de la biología de la conservación desde el biopoder hasta el eco-nacionalismo en Aotearoa Nueva Zelanda. (2021). Revista Latinoamericana De Estudios Críticos Animales, 8(2). https://revistaleca.org/index.php/leca/article/view/47