ANIMAIS AQUÁTICOS: AS VÍTIMAS ESQUECIDAS DO ESPECISMO. PROBLEMAS ÉTICOS EM TORNO DA PESCA
Palavras-chave:
piscicultura, pesca, ética animal, animais aquáticosResumo
Mesmo perante crescente consideração moral pelos animais não-humanos (mamíferos e aves), pouca consideração é dada aos animais aquáticos (peixes, cefalópodes e crustáceos). Eles são muitas vezes esquecidos pelo próprio movimento animal, embora constituam a grande maioria das vítimas da produção e consumo animal (variando de 94 a 98%). Todos os anos, entre 1 e 3 bilhões de animais aquáticos são mortos em todo o mundo. Neste contexto, o presente artigo se concentra em mostrar, com base nos mais recentes avanços neurocientíficos e etológicos, que os animais aquáticos são capazes de sentir dor e que são mesmo sencientes; portanto, são capazes de sofrer conscientemente. Além disso, são descritas e analisadas as consequências éticas de práticas como a pesca e a piscicultura, assim como as representações culturais por trás delas.
Referências
Libros y artículos científicos:
Allen, C. & Trestman, M. (2014). Animal Consciousness. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2014 Edition), E.N. Zalta (ed.).
Benbrook, C. M. (2002). Antibiotic drug use in U.S. Aquaculture. Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy. [Retrieved from: http://www.iatp.org/files/421_2_37397.pdf].
Braithwaite, V. (2010). Do fish feel pain? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brown, C. (2016). Fish pain: An inconvenient truth. Animal Sentience: An Interdisciplinary Journal on Animal Feeling, 1(3), 32.
Chandroo, K. P.; Duncan, I. J. H. & Moccia, R. D. (2004). Can fish suffer? Perspectives on sentience, pain, fear, and stress. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 86, pp. 225-250.
Crespi Abril A.C. y Rubilar T. (2018). Ética e invertebrados: análisis de los casos de los cefalópodos y equinodermos. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Críticos Animales, 5(1), 211-233.
Elwood, R. W. & Adams, L. (2015). Electric shock causes physiological stress responses in shore crabs, consistent with prediction of pain. Biology Letters, 11 (11). [Accessed on June 23rd 2022].
Elwood, R. W., & Appel, M. (2009). Pain experience in hermit crabs? Animal Behaviour, 77, 1243–1246.
Horta, O. (2017). Un paso adelante en defensa de los animales. Plaza y Valdés: Madrid.
Katavić, I. & Jug-Dujaković, J. (1989). Cannibalism as a factor affecting the survival. Aquaculture, 77, pp. 135-143.
Key B. (2016). Why fish do not feel pain. Animal Sentience, 1(3), 1.
Le Neindre, P., Dunier, M., Larrère, R., Prunet, P. (coord.) (2018). La conscience des animaux. Éditions QUAE : Versailles.
Lien, M. E. (2015). Becoming Salmon: Aquaculture and the Domestication of a Fish. University of California Press: California.
Mather, J. A. & Anderson, R. C. (2007). Ethics and invertebrates: A cephalopod perspective. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 75, pp. 119-129.
Merker, B. (2005). The liabilities of mobility: A selection pressure for the transition to consciousness in animal evolution. Conscious and Cognition, 14(1), 89–114.
Millsopp, S. & Laming, P. (2008). Trade-Offs between Feeding and Shock Avoidance in Goldfish (Carassius Auratus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 113, no. 1-3: pp. 247-54.
Norton, W. & Bally-Cuif, L. (2010). Adult zebrafish as a model organism for behavioral genetics. BMC Neuroscience 11.1, pp. 1–11.
Riberolles, G. (2020). Douleur des poissons : va-t-on continuer à noyer… le poisson ? Fondation Droit Animal, Ethique & Science.
Rose, J. D. (2002). The neurobehavioral nature of fishes and the question of awareness and pain. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 10, 1–38.
Rose, J. D. (2016) Pain in fish: Weighing the evidence. Animal Sentience 3(25)
Seth, A., Baars, B. J., & Edelman, D. B. (2005). Criteria for consciousness in humans and other mammals. Consciousness and Cognition, 14, 119–139.
Smith, J., & Boyd, K. (eds.). (1991). Lives in the Balance: The Ethics of Using Animals in Biomedical Research. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sneddon, L. (2003). The Evidence for Pain in Fish: The Use of Morphine as an Analgesic. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 83, no 2: pp. 153‐162.
Sneddon, L., Elwood, R., Adamo, S. & Leach, M.C. (2014). Defining and assessing animal pain. Animal behaviour, 97, 201-212.
Sneddon, L. (2015). Pain in aquatic animals. Journal of Experimental Biology, 218(7), 967-976.
Stevenson, P. et al. (2007). Closed Waters: The Welfare of Farmed Atlantic Salmon, Rainbow Trout, Atlantic Cod & Atlantic Halibut. CIWF, 2007.
Varner, G. (1998). In Nature's Interests? New York: Oxford University Press.
Vindas, et al. (2016). Brain Serotonergic Activation in Growth-Stunted Farmed Salmon: Adaption versus Pathology. Royal Society Open Science 3, no 5.
Walters, E. T. (1996). Comparative and Evolutionary Aspects of Nociceptor Function. In C. Belmonte & F. Cervero (eds.), Neurobiology of Nociceptors, 92–114. Oxford University Press: New York.
Whorf, B. l. (1956). Language, thought, and reality. The M.I.T. Press. Massachusetts institute of technology. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Recursos de internet:
Animal Ethics. (s.f.). Fishing. https://www.animal-ethics.org/fishing/#fr2
Dellerie, F. (s.f.). Pêche « sportive » et « de loisir ». Questions animalistes. https://questionsanimalistes.com/quel-est-le-probleme-avec-la-peche-sportive-et-de-loisir/
Fishcount. (s.f.). Fish count estimates. http://fishcount.org.uk/fish-count-estimates-2
Journée Mondiale pour la Fin de la Pêche. (s.f.). La pêche et les élevages aquacoles. https://www.end-of-fishing.org/fr/la-peche/
L214. (s.f.). Animaux abattus dans le monde. https://www.l214.com/animaux/chiffres-cles/statistiques-nombre-animaux-abattus-monde-viande/
Quintana, P. (2019, 29 de marzo). Los peces no son los únicos animales asesinados por la industria de la pesca. Mercy For Animals. https://mercyforanimals.lat/blog/los-peces-no-son-los-nicos-animales-asesinados/
Singer, P. (2010, 14 de septiembre). Fish: The Forgotten Victims on our Plate. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cif-green/2010/sep/14/fish-forgotten-victims.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2023 Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Críticos Animales
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
La Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Críticos Animales con ISSN 2346-920X se adhiere a las diferentes iniciativas que promueven el acceso libre al conocimiento, por lo que todos los contenidos de la misma son de acceso libre y gratuito y publicados bajo la licencia Creative Commons, que permite su difusión pero impide la alteración de la obra e incluye siempre mención al autor/a y fuente.
Es decir, una licencia de tipo Atribución-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada.
Por ello, los correos electrónicos de los autores se encontrarán a disposición de los lectores, en caso de que deseen contactarlos personalmente.