From domination to the attempt of communication

an analysis of the initial training methods for equitation

Authors

  • Cássia Bars Hering

Keywords:

“break the horse”, natural horsemanship, the knight archetype, animal welfare

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to offer a broad overview of the initial horse training methods, regarding equitation practiced in western societies, emphasizing the Brazilian context. Both “traditional” and “natural” methodologies are here discussed. To try to understand their current application, it is necessary to be conscious of the history of the human/ horse relationship, from its beginnings to the establishment of modern techniques of natural horsemanship. It is also necessary to recognize the importance of the symbolic construction of the image of the rider for western societies – a model of masculinity, of power and strength, which triumphs over animality – a model that today starts to fall apart. 

Author Biography

  • Cássia Bars Hering

    Doutora em Arqueologia pelo Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Universidade de São Paulo.

References

Anthony, D.W. (2007). The horse, the wheel, and language: How Bronze Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Anthony, D. W., e Brown, D. R. (2011). The Secondary Products Revolution, Horse-Riding, and Mounted Warfare. Journal of World Prehistory, 24, 131-160. doi: 10.1007/s10963-011-9051-9

Bueno, M. A. (2015). Da violência contra éguas e mulheres. Ambiente Legal - Legislação, Meio Ambiente e Sustentabilidade. Recuperado de: http://www.ambientelegal.com.br/da-violencia-contra-eguas-e-mulheres/.

Birke, L. (2007). Learning to speak horse: the culture of ‘natural horsemanship.’ Society and Animals,15, 217-239. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/156853007X217177

Birke, L. (2008). Talking about Horses: Control and Freedom in the World of “Natural Horsemanship”. Society and Animals, 16, 107-126. doi: 10.1163/156853008X291417.

Bujok, M. (2013). Animals, women and social hierarchies: Reflections on power relations. DEP, 23, 32–47. Recuperado de: https://www.unive.it/media/allegato/dep/n23-2013/Documenti/02_Bujok.pdf.

Burr, S. (2007). Pet, pal or privileged human: exploring the relationship between women and horses. En Animals and Society II: Considering Animals Conference, (p.849), Hobart, Australia.

Boot, M., e McGreevy. P. D. (2013). The X files: Xenophon re-examined through the lens of equitation science. Journal of Veterinary Behavior Clinical Applications and Research, 8 (5), 367–375. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2013.03.002

Bourdieu, P. A. (1930 [2002]). Dominação masculina. Rio de janeiro: Bertrand Brasil.

Chrulew, M., e Wadiwel, D. J. (eds.). (2017). Foucault and Animals. Leiden, Boston: Brill.

Cook, W. R. (2006). The Evolution of Bitless Equitation. Recuperado de: https://www.bitlessbridle.com/wpcontent/uploads/2017/10/Evolution_of_bitless_equitation.pdf.

Dalla Costa, E., Dai, F., Lebelt, D., Scholz, P., Barbieri, S., Canali, E., ... Minero, M. (2016). Welfare assessment of horses: the AWIN approach. Animal Welfare, 25, 481–488.

Dias, I. (1997). A Arte de Ser um Bom Cavaleiro. Lisboa: Editorial Estampa.

Dorré, G. M. (2002). Horses and Corsets: Black Beauty, Dress Reform, and the Fashioning of the Victorian Woman. Victorian Literature and Culture, 30, 157–78. doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315235059.

Dunayer, J. (1995). Sexist Words, Speciesist Roots. En L. Carol J. Adams e Josephine Donovan (eds). Animals and Women: Feminist Theoretical Explorations (pp.11-29). Durham: Duke University Press.

Ewers, J. (1955). The horse in Black-Foot Indian culture. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Press.

Faigan, B. (2015). The Intimate Bond: How Animals Shaped Human History. Bloomsbury: Publishing USA.

Farmer-Dougan, V. A., e Dougan, J.D. (1999). The Man Who Listens to Behavior: Folk Wisdom and Behavior Analysis from a Real Horse Whisperer. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 72 (1),139–149. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1999.72-139

Feldman, M. H., e Sauvage, C. (2010). Objects of Prestige? Chariots in The Late Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean and Near East. Egypt and the Levant, 20, 67-181. doi:10.1553/aeundl20s67.

Foucault, M. (2011). Vigiar e punir: nascimento da prisão. Petrópolis: RJ: Vozes.

Garcia, A. M., e Milder, S. E. S. (2012). Convergências e divergências: aspectos das culturas indígenas Charrua e Minuano. Vivência – Revista de Antropologia, 39, 37-49. Recuperado de: https://periodicos.ufrn.br/vivencia/article/view/1933.

Glendell, G. (2014). Open letter to the British Horse Society Horse welfare and training for equestrians, 2014. Recuperado de: http://www.ebta.co.uk/Glendall-BHS-Jan2014.pdf.

Greindl, A. (2014). Les implications de la science de l’équitation dans la relation entre le cavalier de dressage et son cheval (Trabalho de conclusão de curso). Université de Liège. Faculté de Médecin Vétérinaire, Liège.

Hansen, N. C. Dressage: Training the Equine Body. (2017). En: M. Chrulew, e D. J. Wadiwel, (eds.). Foucault and Animals (p.8). Leiden, Boston: Brill.

Hempfling, K. F. (2001). Dancing with horses: Collected riding on a loose rein. North Pomfret, Vermont: Trafalgar Square.

Hempfling, K. F. (2006). What horses reveal: From first meeting to friend for life. North

Pomfret, Vermont: Trafalgar Square.

Henshall, C., e McGreevy, P. D. (2014). The role of ethology in round pen horsetraining - A review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 155, 1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.03.004

Hunziker, M. H. L. (1997). Um Olhar Crítico sobre o Estudo do Desamparo Aprendido. Estudos de Psicologia, 14 (3), 17-26. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-166X1997000300002.

Jardim, M. H. Domesticação e Identidade Feminina na constrição do século XVIII e XXI (2013). En 9° Colóquio de Moda – Fortaleza(CE) – 2013. Recuperado de: https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31666788/MARILIAJARDIM_9coloquiodemoda.

Jardim, M. H. (2014). A Anatomia do Corset (2014). En Anais I Congresso Internacional de Memória, Design e Moda. Moda Documenta: Museu, Memória e Design. Maio de 2014. Recuperado de: http://modadocumenta.com.br/pdf/IVMD201433-1.pdf

Jong, M. (2019). Straightness Training. Recuperado de: https://www.straightnesstraining.com/where-to-start/.

Kelder, J. M. (2012). Horseback Riding and Cavalry in Mycenaean Greece. AWE, 11, 1-18. doi: 10.2143/AWE.11.0.2175875.

Landry, D. (2001). The Invention of the Countryside. Hunting, Walking and Ecology in English Literature, 1671-1831. Hampshire: Palgrave.

Lawlor, L. Violence and Animality: An Investigation of Absolute Freedom in Foucault’s History of Madness (2017). En: M. Chrulew, e D. J. Wadiwel, (eds.). Foucault and Animals (pp.59-86). Leiden, Boston: Brill.

Levine, M. A. (2005). Domestication and early history of the horse. In: S. Mills, e S. McDonnell. (eds). The Domestic Horse: The Origins, Development, and Management of its Behaviour (pp.5-22). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lima, D. V. (2015). “Cada doma é um livro”: a relação entre humanos e cavalos no pampa sul-rio-grandense. (Dissertação de mestrado, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil).

https://www.academia.edu/36805230/LIMA_D.V._Cada_doma_%C3%A9_um_livro_A_rela%C3%A7%C3%A3o_entre_humanos_e_cavalos_no_pampa_sul-rio-grandense.

Littauer, M.A., e Crouwel, J.H. (2001). The Earliest Evidence for Metal Bridle Parts. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 20, 329 - 338. doi: 10.1111/1468-0092.00140.

López Rodríguez, I. (2009). Of women, bitches, chickens and vixens: animal metaphors for women in English and Spanish Cultura, Lenguaje y Representación/Culture, Language and Representation, 7 (7), 77–100. Recuperado de: file:///C:/Users/cassi/OneDrive/Documentos/artigo%20equino/226358-Texto%20del%20art%C3%ADculo-308111-1-10-20110221.pdf.

Marchello-Nizia, C. (1996). Cavalaria e Cortesia. En L. Giovanni, e J.C. Schmitt (orgs). Uma História dos Jovens. Volume I. (p.143). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.

McLean, A.N., McGreevy, P.D., e Christensen, J.W. (2017). The application of learning theory in horse training. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 190, 118–127. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.02.020.

Merton, T. (2004). The Way of Chuang Tzu. Boulder: Shambhala Publications.

Munkwitz, E. (2012). Vixens of Venery: Women, Sport, and Fox-Hunting in Britain, 1860-1914. Oxford: Berghahn Books.

Nevzorov, A. (2011). The Horse Crucified and Risen. Los Gatos, California: Smashwords Editions.

O’Brien, K. L. (2017). “We go the extra mile for each other”: the construction of human horse relationships in natural horsemanship. (Dissertação de Mestrado). Michigan State University, Michigan.

Olsen, S. L. (1989). Solutré: A theoretical approach to the reconstruction of Upper Paleolithic hunting strategies. Journal of Human Evolution, 18 (4), 295-327. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(89)90034-1.

Padalino, B., Radial, S.L., Hall, E., Knight, P., Celi, P., Jeffcott, L., e Muscatello, G. (2016). Survey of horse transportation in Australia: issues and practices. Australian Veterinary Journal, 94, 349–357. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162371.

Palmer, C. “Taming the Wild Profusion of Existing Things”? A Study of Foucault, Power, and Human/Animal Relationships. (2017). En M. Chrulew, e D. J. Wadiwel, (eds.). Foucault and Animals (p.8). Leiden, Boston: Brill.

Parelli, P. (1993). Natural Horse-man-ship. Fort Worth: Western Horseman.

Pugliese, J. Terminal Truths: Foucault’s Animals and the Mask of the Beast (2017). En M. Chrulew, e D. J. Wadiwel, (eds.). Foucault and Animals (pp.19-36). Leiden, Boston: Brill.

Pluviniel, A. (1625). L’instruction du Roy en l ’exercice de monter à cheval, desseignées & gravées par Crispian de Pas le jeune. Paris: M. Nivelle.

Randle, H., Steenbergen, M., Roberts, K., e & Hemmings, A. (2017). Use of the technology in equitation science: A panacea or abductive science? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 190, 57–73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.02.017.

Roberts, M. (1996). The man who listens to horses. New York: Random House.

Rosa, T. B. (2017). Poder em Bourdieu e Foucault: Considerações sobre o Poder Simbólico e o Poder Disciplinar. Revista Sem Aspas, 6 (1), 3-12. doi: DOI: 10.29373/semaspas.v19n1.2017.9933.

Rink, B. (2008). Desvendando o Enigma do Centauro - como a união homem-cavalo acelerou a história a transformou o mundo. São Paulo: Equus Brasil. Infomappas Editora Ltda.

Santos, T. F. S. (2019). Vivência de Sexo: Outras Construções Possíveis. En Anais do 16º Congresso Brasileiro de Assistentes Sociais. Tema: “40 anos da ‘Virada’ do Serviço Social”. Brasília, novembro de 2019, (vol. 16, n. 1). Recuperado de: http://broseguini.bonino.com.br/ojs/index.php/CBAS/issue/view/1

Savvides, N. (2011). ‘Loving-knowing’ women and horses: Symbolic connections, real life conflicts and ‘natural horsemanship. Humanimalia, 3 (1), 60-76. Recuperado de:

http://www.depauw.edu/site/humanimalia/issue 05/savvides.html

Schubert, M., Jónsson, H., Chang, D., Der Sarkissian, C., Ermini, L., Ginolhac, A., ... Orlando, L. (2014). Prehistoric genomes reveal the genetic foundation and cost of horse domestication. PNAS, 30,111 -152. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416991111.

Shapiro, K. Foreword. (2017). En M. Chrulew, e D. J. Wadiwel, (eds.). Foucault and Animals (p.8). Leiden, Boston: Brill.

Smith, S. J. (2011). Becoming Horse in the Duration of the Moment: The Trainer’s Challenge. Phenomenology & Practice, 5 (1), 7-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.29173/pandpr19833.

Tatomir, R. (2014). The Presence of Horse in Ancient Egypt and The Problem of Veracity of The Horseshoe Magic in The Ancient Egyptian Folklore and Mythology. En: D. Dana, (coord.). Hippika. Calul in istoria omului (pp. 321-340). Craiova: Editura Universitaria Craiova.

Telligton-Jones, L. TTouch. (2019). Recuperado de: http://www.ttouch.com/.

Tomassini, G. B. (2013a). Bitless equitation in ancient times. The Works of Chivalry. Recuperado de: http://worksofchivalry.com/marco-de-pavari-and-the-dominion-of-pleasantness.

Tomassini, G. B. (2013b). The Corinthian bit. The Works of Chivalry. Recuperado de: http://worksofchivalry.com/the-corinthian-bit/.

Tomassini, G. B. (2014). Marco de Pavari and the dominion of pleasantness. The Works of Chivalry. Recuperado de: http://worksofchivalry.com/marco-de-pavari-and-the-dominion-of-pleasantness/.

Tomassini, G. B. (2017). Dom Duarte’s travel. The Works of Chivalry. Recuperado de: http://worksofchivalry.com/bronze-age-bits/.

Warmutha, V. Eriksson, A., Bower, M., Barker, G., Barrett, E., Hanks, B., … Manica, A. (2012). Reconstructing the origin and spread of horse domestication in the Eurasian steppe. PNAS, 109, (21), 8202-8206. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111122109.

Weber, M. (1984). Economia y sociedad. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.

Williams, J.M., e Randle, H. (2017). Is the expression of stereotypic behavior a performance limiting factor in animals? Journal of Veterinary Behavior Clinical Applications and Research, 20,1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2017.02.006

Published

2020-06-01

Issue

Section

BIOPOLÍTICA Y RESISTENCIA ANIMAL(ISTA)

How to Cite

From domination to the attempt of communication: an analysis of the initial training methods for equitation. (2020). Revista Latinoamericana De Estudios Críticos Animales, 7(1). https://revistaleca.org/index.php/leca/article/view/161